Binciken Tsarin Cibiyoyin Kuɗin Al'umma: Nazarin Sarafu Token

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1 Gabatarwa

Tsarin biyan kuɗi na dijital yana haifar da bayanan ma'amala waɗanda ke ba da damar yin cikakken bincike na hanyoyin tattalin arziki da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba. Wannan binciken yana nazarin cibiyar sadarwar token na Sarafu, wani tsarin kuɗin haɗa al'umma a Kenya wanda aka tura a lokacin gaggawar COVID-19 a matsayin wani ɓangare na taimakon ɗan adam. Binciken yana amfani da hanyoyin kimiyyar cibiyar sadarwa don nazarin tsarin ma'amala, tare da mai da hankali musamman kan rarrabuwar sassan tsarin masu zagayawa da marasa zagayawa da kuma rawar da suke takawa wajen yawo kuɗi.

Cibiyar sadarwar Sarafu tana wakiltar tsarin kuɗin al'umma na dijital wanda Grassroots Economics, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, ta shirya. A cikin lokacin da aka yi binciken, tsarin ya yi aiki a matsayin shirin canja wurin kuɗi na gaggawa wanda aka ƙera tare da Red Cross na Kenya. Kuɗin Haɗa Al'umma tsarin takardun shaida na gida ne da aka ƙera don canja wurin kuɗi na ɗan adam, waɗanda aka iyakance ga yankuna da aka ƙayyade ko cibiyoyin masu shiga don ƙarfafa ci gaban tattalin arzikin gida.

2 Hanyar Bincike

2.1 Gina Cibiyar Sadarwa

An ƙirƙira tsarin biyan kuɗi a matsayin cibiyar sadarwa mai jagora, mai auni, ta ɗan lokaci inda nodes ke wakiltar mahalarta tsarin kuma hanyoyin haɗin kai masu jagora da auni masu alamar lokaci sun dace da ma'amaloli. Don nazarin tsarin, ana tattara ma'amaloli a cikin hanyoyin haɗin kai masu jagora da auni na ɗan lokaci, yayin da ake kiyaye al'amuran lokaci don nazarin yawo.

2.2 Nazarin Sassan Tsarin

Hanyar binciken ta haɗa da gano sassan da aka haɗa sosai (SCCs) da tsarin matsayinsu. Ana rarraba sassan zuwa masu zagayawa (waɗanda ke ɗauke da zagayowar jagora) ko marasa zagayawa (tsarin irin bishiya). Wannan rarrabuwar yana taimakawa wajen bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan tsarin shigar masu amfani da halayen yawo kuɗi daban-daban.

2.3 Samfurori Na Bazuwar

Ana amfani da samfurori na bazuwar don tantance mahimmancin ƙididdiga na abubuwan tsarin da aka lura. Waɗannan samfuran suna taimakawa wajen tantance ko yawaitar wasu nau'ikan sassa ya wuce abin da za a yi tsammani a cikin cibiyar sadarwa mai bazuwar tare da irin wannan kaddarorin na asali.

3 Tsarin Fasaha

3.1 Tsarin Lissafi

An ayyana cibiyar sadarwa a hukumance a matsayin $G = (V, E, W, T)$ inda $V$ shine saitin maki (masu amfani), $E \subseteq V \times V$ shine saitin gefuna (ma'amaloli), $W: E \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^+$ yana ba da ma'auni ga gefuna (adadin ma'amala), kuma $T: E \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^+$ yana ba da alamun lokaci.

Ana auna yawo kuɗi a cikin sashi $C$ kamar haka:

$$R(C) = \frac{\sum_{e \in E(C)} w(e)}{\max_{v \in V(C)} \sum_{e \in E^{out}(v)} w(e)}$$

inda $E(C)$ ke nufin gefuna a cikin sashi $C$, $w(e)$ shine ma'aunin gefi $e$, kuma $E^{out}(v)$ yana wakiltar gefuna masu fita daga maki $v$.

3.2 Aiwar Algorithm

Pseudocode mai zuwa yana nuna algorithm ɗin nazarin sashi:

function analyze_currency_network(G):
    # Gano sassan da aka haɗa sosai
    SCCs = tarjan_strongly_connected_components(G)
    
    # Gina hoton danko
    DAG = condense_graph(G, SCCs)
    
    # Rarraba sassa
    cyclic_components = []
    acyclic_components = []
    
    for component in SCCs:
        if is_cyclic(component):
            cyclic_components.append(component)
        else:
            acyclic_components.append(component)
    
    # Lissafa ma'aunin yawo
    metrics = {}
    for component in cyclic_components + acyclic_components:
        metrics[component] = calculate_circulation(component)
    
    return cyclic_components, acyclic_components, metrics

4 Sakamakon Gwaji

4.1 Rarraba Sassan Tsarin

Binciken ya bayyana gaban sassan da aka haɗa sosai idan aka kwatanta da samfurori na bazuwar, yana nuna mahimmancin zagayowar a cikin cibiyoyin tattalin arziki. Sassan masu zagayawa sun nuna mafi girman adadin sake yawo kuɗi, yana nuna al'ummomin kasuwanci masu aiki inda kuɗin ke yawo sau da yawa tsakanin mahalarta.

A cikin sassan marasa zagayawa, mafi mahimmancin tsarin uku ya nuna kasancewar masu amfani da ke tattara kuɗi daga asusun da suka yi aiki sau ɗaya kawai, wanda ke iya nuna yin amfani da tsarin ba daidai ba. An kuma gano ƙananan ƙungiyoyin masu amfani waɗanda suka yi aiki sau ɗaya kawai, suna nuna cewa masu amfani suna gwada tsarin kawai ba tare da ci gaba da shiga ba.

4.2 Nazarin Lokaci

Nazarin lokaci na tsarin ma'amala ya bayyana dabarun yawo daban-daban. Sassan masu zagayawa sun ci gaba da aiki akai-akai a kan lokaci, yayin da sassan marasa zagayawa suka nuna tsarin shiga lokaci-lokaci. Hoton juyin halittar sashi a kan lokaci ya nuna yadda dabarun shigar masu amfani suka rikide a duk lokacin gaggawa.

5 Nazari Na Asali

Wannan binciken yana wakiltar ci gaba mai muhimmanci a cikin amfani da kimiyyar cibiyar sadarwa ga tsarin kuɗin al'umma, bisa aikin ginshiƙi a cikin nazarin cibiyar tattalin arziki. Hanyar nazarin tsarin da Criscione ya ƙera tana ba da ingantaccen tsari don fahimtar tsarin yawo kuɗi wanda ya wuce ma'aunin tattalin arziki na al'ada. Idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin nazarin cibiyar sadarwa na kuɗi na al'ada da ake amfani da su a cikin nazarin tsarin banki (Battiston et al., 2016) ko cibiyoyin sadarwar cryptocurrency (Kondor et al., 2014), wannan hanyar tana ba da haske na musamman ga tsarin tattalin arziki na tushen al'umma.

Gano sassan masu zagayawa a matsayin alamun ingantaccen yawo kuɗi ya yi daidai da ka'idar tattalin arziki da ke jaddada saurin kuɗi a matsayin muhimmin alamar tattalin arziki. Duk da haka, hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa yana ƙara girma da alaƙa ga wannan fahimta. Babban gaban sassan masu zagayawa idan aka kwatanta da samfurori na bazuwar yana nuna cewa kuɗin al'umma masu nasara suna haɓaka tsarin kwararar zagayowar halitta, kama da cibiyoyin sadarwar rayuwa da aka yi nazari a kimiyyar tsarin (Jeong et al., 2000).

Gano yuwuwar hanyoyin amfani masu matsala ta hanyar nazarin sashi mara zagayawa yana nuna amfanin aiki na wannan hanyar don sarrafa tsarin kuɗi. Wannan damar tana da mahimmanci musamman ga aikace-aikacen ɗan adam inda ingantaccen albarkatu yake da muhimmanci. Hanyoyin da aka ƙera a nan za a iya haɗa su da hanyoyin koyon inji don gano abin da ba na al'ada ba, kama da dabarun da ake amfani da su wajen gano zamba na kuɗi (Phua et al., 2010), amma an daidaita su don halayen musamman na tsarin kuɗin al'umma.

Daga hangen fasaha, haɗin nazarin tsarin tare da ƙarfin lokaci yana magance babban iyaka a yawancin nazarin cibiyar sadarwa waɗanda ke ɗaukar tsarin a matsayin tsayayye. Hanyar tana da kamanceceniya ta hanyar bincike tare da nazarin cibiyar sadarwa ta ɗan lokaci a cikin tsarin zamantakewa (Holme & Saramäki, 2012), amma tana amfani da waɗannan fasahohin ga halayen tattalin arziki a cikin yanayin rikici. Aikin gaba zai iya amfana daga haɗa tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa don ɗaukar hulɗar tsakanin nau'ikan alaƙar tattalin arziki daban-daban.

6 Ayyuka da Hanyoyin Gaba

Hanyar da aka ƙera a cikin wannan binciken tana da fa'ida mai faɗi fiye da takamaiman binciken:

• Ingantaccen Taimakon ɗan Adam: Sa ido na lokaci-lokaci na yawo kuɗi a cikin shirye-shiryen amsa gaggawa
• Ci Gaban Tattalin Arzikin Gida: Ƙirƙirar kuɗin al'umma waɗanda ke haɓaka tasirin tattalin arzikin gida
• Haɗa Kuɗi: Fahimtar tsarin karɓa a cikin al'ummomin da ba a biya musu buƙatu ba
• Kima na Manufa: Ƙididdiga na ƙima na kutse na kuɗi da tasirin cibiyar sadarwarsu

Hanyoyin bincike na gaba sun haɗa da:

• Haɗawa da ƙirar ɗan wakili don kwaikwayi tasirin kutse
• Haɓaka allunan sa ido na lokaci-lokaci don masu gudanar da kuɗi
• Nazarin kwatancen al'adu na cibiyoyin sadarwar kuɗin al'umma
• Aikace-aikacen koyon inji don hasashen nazarin abubuwan nasarar kuɗi

7 Nassoshi

1. Battiston, S., et al. (2016). Complexity theory and financial regulation. Science, 351(6275), 818-819.
2. Holme, P., & Saramäki, J. (2012). Temporal networks. Physics reports, 519(3), 97-125.
3. Jeong, H., et al. (2000). The large-scale organization of metabolic networks. Nature, 407(6804), 651-654.
4. Kondor, D., et al. (2014). Do the rich get richer? An empirical analysis of the Bitcoin transaction network. PloS one, 9(2), e86197.
5. Phua, C., et al. (2010). A comprehensive survey of data mining-based fraud detection research. arXiv preprint arXiv:1009.6119.
6. Grassroots Economics. (2023). Community Inclusion Currencies: Design Principles. Retrieved from grassrootsconomics.org