Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
1. Gabatarwa
Rarraba iko shi ne ginshiƙi na asali na fasahar blockchain, duk da haka aiwatar da shi a aikace yana nuna manyan sauye-sauye tsakanin hanyoyin yarjejeniya daban-daban. Wannan binciken yana ba da cikakken nazari kan rarraba iko a tsarin Proof-of-Work (PoW) na Bitcoin da kuma tsarin Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) na Steem, yana ƙalubalantar al'adar gargajiya game da wace hanya ke ba da mafi kyawun rarraba iko.
Tarin Ma'adinan Bitcoin
65%
Manyan rukunin ma'adinai 4 suna sarrafa mafi yawan ƙarfin hash
Zaɓen Shaidun Steem
21
Shaidu masu aiki suna samar da tubalan bayanai (blocks)
2. Bayan Fage da Ayyukan Da suka Danganci
2.1 Rarraba Iko na Proof-of-Work (PoW)
Tsarin PoW na Bitcoin ya nuna wani yanayi mai ban tsoro na matsawa zuwa ga tattarawa, inda ƙarfin ma'adinai ke tattarawa cikin ƙananan hannaye. Fitowar manyan rukunin ma'adinai ta canza yanayin rarraba iko gaba ɗaya, ta haifar da matsalolin tsaro.
2.2 Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS)
DPoS ya gabatar da tsarin dimokuradiyya wakilai inda masu hannun jari ke zaɓen shaidu don samar da tubalan bayanai. Wannan hanyar tana yin alƙawarin mafi kyawun ƙima (scalability) amma tana tayar da tambayoyi game da ainihin rarraba iko lokacin da rabon hannun jari ya zama mara daidaituwa.
3. Hanyar Bincike
3.1 Ma'aunin Shannon Entropy
Muna amfani da Shannon entropy a matsayin babban ma'auni don ƙididdige rarraba iko:
$H(X) = -\sum_{i=1}^{n} P(x_i) \log_2 P(x_i)$
inda $P(x_i)$ ke wakiltar rarraba yuwuwar ƙarfin ma'adinai ko mallakar hannun jari.
3.2 Tattara Bayanai
Bincikenmu ya ƙunshi bayanan blockchain na watanni shida daga cibiyoyin sadarwa na Bitcoin da Steem, yana ɗaukar rarraba rukunin ma'adinai da tsarin zaɓen hannun jari.
4. Sakamakon Gwaji
4.1 Rarraba Ma'adinan Bitcoin
Bayanai sun nuna wani mummunan tattarawa a cikin ma'adinan Bitcoin, inda manyan rukunin ma'adinai 5 ke sarrafa kusan kashi 70% na ƙarfin lissafi na cibiyar sadarwa. Wannan tattarawar yana haifar da manyan matsalolin tsaro.
4.2 Rarraba Hannun Jari na Steem
Steem ya nuna wani salo na rarraba iko daban-daban, inda rabon hannun jari ya nuna matsakaicin tattarawa amma zaɓen shaidu yana ba da ɗan daidaitawa ta hanyar zaɓe na lokaci-lokaci.
Muhimman Hasashe
- Bitcoin ya nuna mafi kyawun rarraba iko a tsakanin manyan mahalarta amma mafi munin rarraba gabaɗaya
- Zaɓen shaidun Steem yana ba da juriya ga tattarawar hannun jari na ɗan lokaci
- Babu ɗayan tsarin da ya cimma matsakaicin rarraba iko a aikace
5. Binciken Fasaha
5.1 Tsarin Lissafi
Ma'aunin Gini yana ba da ƙarin haske game da rashin daidaiton rarraba:
$G = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n \sum_{j=1}^n |x_i - x_j|}{2n^2 \bar{x}}$
Lissafinmu ya nuna ma'aunin Gini na Bitcoin don ƙarfin ma'adinai a 0.72, yana nuna babban rashin daidaito.
5.2 Aiwatar da Code
class DecentralizationAnalyzer:
def calculate_entropy(self, distribution):
"""Calculate Shannon entropy for power distribution"""
total = sum(distribution.values())
entropy = 0
for value in distribution.values()):
probability = value / total
if probability > 0:
entropy -= probability * math.log2(probability)
return entropy
def analyze_bitcoin_mining(self, block_data):
"""Analyze Bitcoin mining distribution"""
miner_distribution = {}
for block in block_data:
miner = block['miner']
miner_distribution[miner] = miner_distribution.get(miner, 0) + 1
return self.calculate_entropy(miner_distribution)6. Ayyuka na Gaba
Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa hanyoyin yarjejeniya gauraya (hybrid) na iya ba da mafi kyawun rarraba iko. Ayyuka kamar canjin Ethereum 2.0 zuwa Proof-of-Stake tare da rarrabawa (sharding) suna nuna fahimtar masana'antu game da waɗannan ƙalubale. Tsare-tsaren blockchain na gaba dole ne su daidaita ƙima (scalability) da ainihin rarraba iko.
Binciken Kwararre: Matsalar Rarraba Iko
Maganar Gaskiya: Dukansu PoW da DPoS sun kasa cika alƙawarin ainihin rarraba iko na blockchain. Bitcoin ta zama wanda aka azabtar da nasarar kanta, tare da tattarawar ma'adinai yana haifar da haɗarin tsarin, yayin da tsarin DPoS kamar Steem a zahiri suna sake ƙirƙirar tsarin gudanarwar kamfanoni tare da ƙarin matakai.
Sarkar Hankali: Tattarawar a cikin PoW tana bin dabarar tattalin arziki maras makawa - ingantaccen ma'adinai yana haifar da haɗin kai, kamar yadda wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel Ronald Coase ya annabta a ka'idar kamfani. A cikin DPoS, muna ganin dokar ƙarfe ta ƴan tsiraru tana wasa inda tsarin wakilai ke tattara iko a dabi'a. Ma'aunin entropy ɗinmu ya tabbatar da ƙididdiga da abin da ka'idar wasa (game theory) ta annabta: ba tare da takamaiman hanyoyin hana haɗin kai ba, duk hanyoyin yarjejeniya suna karkata zuwa ga tattarawa.
Abubuwan Haske da Kurakurai: Ainihin hasashe daga wannan binciken ba shine wane tsari ya fi kyau ba, amma dukansu suna da aibi. Bayyana gaskiya game da tattarawar ma'adinai na Bitcoin a zahiri siffa ce, ba kura ba - sabanin tsarin DPoS inda za a iya ɓoye tattarawar hannun jari. Duk da haka, kamar yadda Cibiyar Kuɗin Madadin Cambridge ta rubuta, tattarawar ma'adinan Bitcoin a yankuna na musamman yana haifar da matsalolin tsari waɗanda tsarin DPoS ke gujewa.
Ƙwararren Shawarwari: Masana'antar blockchain suna buƙatar daina ɗaukar rarraba iko a matsayin nasara mai rabi kuma su fara auna shi a matsayin bakan ci gaba. Masu tsari yakamata su mayar da hankali kan buƙatun bayyana gaskiya don tattarawar ma'adinai da hannun jari maimakon ƙoƙarin zaɓar fasahohin da suka ci nasara. Ga masu haɓakawa, ya kamata su ba da fifiko ga ƙirƙirar takamaiman hanyoyin hana tattarawa, kama da abin da muke gani a cikin dokokin hana haɗin gwiwa na kasuwanni na gargajiya.
7. Bayanan da aka yi Amfani da su
- Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Peer-to-Peer
- Larimer, D. (2014). Yarjejeniyar Delegated Proof-of-Stake
- Cibiyar Kuɗin Madadin Cambridge. (2020). Nazarin Ma'auni na Duniya na Cryptoasset
- Eyal, I., & Sirer, E. G. (2014). Mafi Rinjaye bai isa ba: Ma'adinan Bitcoin yana cikin haɗari
- Buterin, V. (2021). Dalilin Ƙirar Ethereum 2.0