Aikin Tabbatar da Haske (oPoW): Canjin Tsarin Ma'adinan Kudi na Dijital

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan takarda tana nazarin takardar bincike "Aikin Tabbatar da Haske" na Dubrovsky, Ball, da Penkovsky. Takardar tana ba da shawarar canji na asali a cikin tattalin arziki da tushen kayan aiki na ma'adinan kudi na dijital, ta matsar daga lissafi mai cinye makamashi (OPEX-dominanta) zuwa kayan aiki na musamman na haske mai cinye jari (CAPEX-dominanta). Babban jigon shi ne, duk da cewa Aikin Tabbatarwa (PoW) dole ne ya sanya farashi na tattalin arziki da za a iya tantancewa, wannan farashin bai kamata ya kasance da farko wutar lantarki ba.

2. Matsalar Aikin Tabbatarwa (PoW) na Gargajiya

PoW na gargajiya na tushen SHA256 (Hashcash) ya samu nasarar tsare cibiyoyin sadarwa kamar Bitcoin amma yana fuskantar iyakoki masu mahimmanci a ma'auni.

2.1. Amfani da Makamashi & Iya Girma

Babban farashin ma'adinai shine wutar lantarki. Yayin da ƙimar cibiyar sadarwa ke girma, amfani da makamashi shima yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke haifar da damuwa game da muhalli kuma yana haifar da alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin farashin tsabar kuɗi, farashin makamashi, da tsaron cibiyar sadarwa. Girman Bitcoin sau 10-100 tare da fasahar yanzu ana ganin ba zai iya dawwama a muhalli da tattalin arziki ba.

2.2. Tari & Hadarin Tsarin

Ma'adanai suna taruwa a yankuna masu mafi arha wutar lantarki (misali, wasu sassan China, a tarihi). Wannan yana haifar da tattarawa ta yanki, yana gabatar da wurare guda na gazawa, rauni ga ƙa'idodin yanki, da ƙara haɗarin hare-haren raba.

3. Manufar Aikin Tabbatar da Haske (oPoW)

oPoW sabon algorithm ne na PoW wanda aka ƙera don a iya lissafta shi cikin inganci ta hanyar kayan aiki na musamman na haske na silicon. Yana kiyaye yanayin "ƙarfi-ƙarfi" na binciken Hashcash amma yana inganta wasan wasan don lissafin haske.

3.1. Tsarin Algorithm & Tushen Fasaha

Algorithm ɗin ya ƙunshi ƙananan gyare-gyare ga Hashcash. Yana buƙatar nemo nonce $n$ kamar yadda sakamakon hash $H(block\_header, n)$ ya kasance ƙasa da manufa mai motsi $T$. Babban ƙirƙira shine cewa aikin hash ko wani muhimmin sashi na lissafinsa ana taswira shi zuwa wani aiki wanda ya fi sauri da inganci a kan makamashi akan da'irar haɗin haske (PIC) fiye da akan ASIC na lantarki na yau da kullun.

3.2. Kayan Aiki: Na'urorin Haɗin-gwiwa na Haske na Silicon

Takardar tana amfani da ci gaba a cikin ilimin haske na silicon, inda ake amfani da haske (photons) maimakon electrons don yin lissafi akan guntu. Waɗannan na'urorin haɗin-gwiwa, waɗanda aka fara haɓaka su don ayyukan koyo mai zurfi na ƙarancin makamashi kamar hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi na haske, ana sake amfani da su don oPoW. Matsalar tattalin arziki ga ma'adanai tana matsawa daga biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki zuwa daidaita farashin jari na kayan aiki na musamman na haske.

Mahimmin Fahimta: Sake Daidaita Tattalin Arziki

oPoW yana raba farashin ma'adinai daga farashin wutar lantarki mai canzawa kuma yana haɗa shi da farashin raguwa na kayan aiki na musamman, wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarin kafofin tsaro masu karko.

4. Muhimman Fa'idodi & Amfanun da aka Tsara

Ingancin Makamashi: Ragewa mai ƙarfi a cikin amfani da makamashi na aiki kowace hash.
Rarraba: Ma'adinai ya zama mai yuwuwa a ko'ina tare da haɗin intanet, ba kawai yankuna masu arha wutar lantarki ba.
Juriya ga Takunkumi: Rarraba yanki yana rage rauni ga hare-haren matakin ƙasa.
Karko na Hashrate: Tsarin farashi mai rinjaye na CAPEX yana sa hashrate ya zama ƙasa da hankali ga faɗuwar farashin tsabar kuɗi kwatsam idan aka kwatanta da ƙirar da OPEX ke rinjaye.
Democratization: Ƙananan farashin da ke gudana zai iya rage shingen shiga ga ƙananan ma'adanai.

5. Zurfin Binciken Fasaha

5.1. Tsarin Lissafi & Daidaita Matsala

Yanayin aikin tabbatarwa na asali ya kasance $H(block\_header, n) < T$. Ƙirƙira tana cikin aiwatar da $H(\cdot)$ ko ƙaramin aiki $f(x)$ a cikinsa ta hanyar haske. Misali, idan canji kamar canjin Fourier ko ninka matrix shine toshewa, ana iya aiwatar da shi da saurin haske akan PIC. Algorithm ɗin daidaita wahalar cibiyar sadarwa zai yi aiki daidai da na Bitcoin, amma zai yi niyya ga hashrate da cibiyar sadarwar ma'adanai na haske ke samarwa, yana daidaita lokacin toshe.

5.2. Samfuri & Saitin Gwaji

Takardar tana nuni ga samfuri (Hoto na 1). Cikakken bayanin zai haɗa da guntun haske na silicon wanda aka ƙera tare da jagororin raƙuman ruwa, masu daidaitawa, da na'urori masu gano abubuwa waɗanda ke yin takamaiman matakan lissafi na algorithm ɗin oPoW. Saitin gwaji zai kwatanta makamashi kowace hash (Joules/Hash) da ƙimar hash (Hashes/daƙiƙa) na samfurin oPoW da na zamani na SHA256 ASIC mai ma'adinai, yana nuna ci gaba mai yawa a cikin ingancin makamashi, ko da yake yana iya zama a wani cikakken hashrate daban.

Bayanin Ginshiƙi (An fayyace): Taswira ginshiƙi tana kwatanta Makamashi kowace Hash (J/H) don mai ma'adinai na ASIC na gargajiya (misali, 100 J/TH) da samfurin mai ma'adinai na haske na oPoW (misali, 0.1 J/TH). Taswira layi na biyu tana nuna tsinkayar rarraba yanki na nodes na ma'adinai, yana motsawa daga wasu ƙananan kololuwa (na gargajiya) zuwa mafi daidaitaccen rarraba, na duniya (oPoW).

6. Misalin Tsarin Bincike Harka

Harka: Kimanta Tsaron Cibiyar Sadarwa Ƙarƙashin Matsalar Tattalin Arziki.

Aikin Tabbatarwa na Gargajiya (Kamar Bitcoin): Labari: Farashin tsabar kuɗi ya faɗi 70%. Kudaden shiga na ma'adinai ya faɗi. Ma'adanai masu tsadar wutar lantarki (OPEX) sun zama marasa riba kuma sun rufe, suna haifar da hashrate ya faɗi sosai (~50%). Wannan yana rage tsaron cibiyar sadarwa (farashin kai hari) daidai gwargwado, yana haifar da yuwuwar zagaye na mugu.

Tsarin oPoW: Labari: Faɗuwar farashi 70% iri ɗaya. Kudaden shiga na ma'adinai ya faɗi. Duk da haka, babban farashi shine CAPEX na kayan aiki (wanda ya riga ya nutse). Farashin gefe don ci gaba da ma'adinai yana da ƙasa sosai (ƙananan wutar lantarki don haske). Ma'adanai masu hankali suna ci gaba da aiki don dawo da jarin kayan aiki, wanda ke haifar da ƙaramin faɗuwar hashrate (~10-20%). Tsaron cibiyar sadarwa ya kasance mafi ƙarfi yayin faduwar kasuwa.

7. Ayyukan Gaba & Taswirar Ci Gaba

Sabbin Cibiyoyin Sadarwar Blockchain: Babban aikace-aikacen shine a cikin ƙira na sabbin, Layer 1 blockchains masu dorewa na makamashi.
Tsarin PoW na Haɗin gwiwa: Yuwuwar haɗawa a matsayin na biyu, algorithm na ma'adinai mai inganci a makamashi tare da PoW na gargajiya a cikin sarƙoƙi masu wanzuwa.
Juyin Halitta na Kayan Aiki: Taswirar ci gaba ta haɗa da ƙananan ma'adanai na haske, haɗawa da guntu-guntu na gaba ɗaya, da samar da yawa don rage CAPEX.
Bayan Kudi na Dijital: Za a iya amfani da fasahar haɗin-gwiwar haske ta asali don wasu ayyukan jinkiri da za a iya tantancewa (VDFs) ko lissafin kiyaye sirri.
Garkuwar Kayan Kula da Muhalli (ESG): oPoW na iya ba da takamaiman hanyar fasaha don cibiyoyin sadarwar da ke da tushen PoW don magance matsalolin ESG (Muhalli, Zamantakewa, da Gudanarwa) kai tsaye.

8. Nassoshi

Dubrovsky, M., Ball, M., & Penkovsky, B. (2020). Aikin Tabbatar da Haske. arXiv preprint arXiv:1911.05193v2.
Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Peer-to-Peer.
Dwork, C., & Naor, M. (1992). Farashi ta hanyar Sarrafawa ko Yaƙi da Wasiƙar Takarda. Ci gaban Cryptology — CRYPTO’ 92.
Back, A. (2002). Hashcash - Maganin Hana Sabis.
Shen, Y., et al. (2017). Koyo mai zurfi tare da da'irori na nanophotonic masu daidaituwa. Nature Photonics, 11(7), 441–446. (Misalin binciken lissafin haske)
Cibiyar Cambridge don Kuɗin Madadin. (2023). Fihirisar Amfani da Wutar Lantarki na Cambridge Bitcoin (CBECI). [Tushen waje don bayanan makamashi].

9. Sharhin Masanin Bincike

Mahimmin Fahimta: Takardar oPoW ba kawai gyara kayan aiki ba ce; ƙoƙari ne na dabarun sake gina tushen abubuwan ƙarfafa tattalin arziki na Aikin Tabbatarwa. Marubutan sun gano daidai cewa rikicin wanzuwar PoW ba "aikin" kansa ba ne, amma nau'in farashin da yake fitarwa. Ta hanyar matsar da nauyi daga OPEX mai canzawa, mai hankali ga siyasa (wutar lantarki) zuwa CAPEX mai raguwa, ana ciniki a duniya (kayan aiki), suna nufin ƙirƙirar tushen tsaro mai juriya da rarraba yanki. Wannan amsa ce kai tsaye ga sukar da cibiyoyi kamar Cibiyar Cambridge don Kuɗin Madadin suka yi, waɗanda ke nuna girman sawun makamashi na Bitcoin.

Kwararar Hankali & Kwatanta: Hankali yana da gamsarwa amma yana fuskantar babban dutsen karɓuwa. Yana kama da juyin halitta daga CPUs zuwa GPUs zuwa ASICs a cikin tarihin Bitcoin—ƙwazo mara ƙare na inganci wanda ko da yaushe yana tattarawa a kusa da mafi kyawun kayan aiki. oPoW yana haɗarin sake kunna wannan kaset: masu kera ASIC na haske na farko na iya zama sabon ƙarfin tattarawa. Kwatanta wannan da ƙirar Ethereum bayan haɗuwa, wanda ya watsar da farashin jiki gaba ɗaya don sha'awar ɓoyayyen sirri. Duk da yake Aikin Tabbatar da Sha'awa (PoS) yana da nasu sukar game da tattarawa a kusa da jari, yana wakiltar reshe na falsafa daban. oPoW a zahiri shine mafi kyawun juyin halitta na yarjejeniyar Nakamoto ta asali, yana kiyaye anka ta jiki yayin ƙoƙarin rage munanan abubuwan da ke waje.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Babban ƙarfinsa shine magance sukar ESG ba tare da komawa ga cikakken canjin tsari ba. Yuwuwar karko hashrate fa'ida ce mai zurfi, ba a tattauna ba don tsarin tsaro na dogon lokaci. Duk da haka, kurakurai suna da mahimmanci. Na farko, "fare" ne akan fasaha"—ilimin haske na silicon don kasuwa mai yawa, lissafi mai dogaro har yanzu yana da ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da balagaggen CMOS na dijital. Na biyu, yana haifar da sabon nau'in haɗarin tattarawa a kusa da sarkar samar da kayan aiki na haske, wanda zai iya zama mai tattarawa kamar yadda masana'antar semiconductor ke yau. Na uku, hujjar tsaro ta dogara ne akan farashin jari na kayan aiki ya zama isasshen hani. Idan guntun haske sun zama arha don ƙira (kamar yadda GPUs suka kasance a da), ƙirar tsaro na iya raunana.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu zuba jari da magina, ku kalli wannan sarari sosai amma tare da shakku. Blockchain na farko mai amfani da oPoW da zai sami goyon baya zai zama babban tabbacin ra'ayi. Har zuwa lokacin, ku ɗauke shi a matsayin hanya mai yuwuwar babba, mai haɗari na R&D. Ga sarƙoƙin PoW da suka wanzu, binciken yana ba da tsarin aikin don yuwuwar "hard fork" zuwa tsarin haɗin gwiwa ko cikakken haske idan matsin lamba na ƙa'ida ya zama wanzuwa. Ma'aunin ma'auni don bin sa ba kawai J/Hash ba ne, amma lokacin daidaita kayan aikin haske da rarraba masana'antunsa. Nasarar oPoW ta dogara da yawa akan ƙira na buɗe, gasa na kayan aiki kamar yadda yake a kan hazakar algorithm ɗinsa.